Cultural Interaction

What is Interaction?

Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various sciences.

Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:

• Communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or communication among groups, organizations, nations or states: trade, migration, foreign relations, transportation,
• The feedback during the operation of machines such as a computer or tool, for example the interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the road: by steering the driver influences this position, by observation this information returns to the driver.

What is Cultural?

Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. "cultivation") is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator, Cicero: "cultura animi". The term "culture" appeared first in its current sense in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, to connote a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture. In the 19th century, the term developed to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education, and then to the fulfillment of national aspirations or ideals. In the mid-19th century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity. For the German nonpositivist sociologist Georg Simmel, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history".

In the 20th century, "culture" emerged as a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of human phenomena that cannot be attributed to genetic inheritance. Specifically, the term "culture" in American anthropology had two meanings: (1) the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively; and (2) the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.

A distinction is current between the physical artifacts created by a society, its so-called material culture and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".

What is Cultural Interaction?

Late 19th- and early 20th-century Western art is characterized by bold rejections of naturalism and the depiction of local color. The Fauves and German Expressionists, prioritizing prismatic color within the pictorial vocabulary, asserted the autonomy of visual language. In doing this they were influenced both by modernity in Europe and by examples of non-Western art, particularly the arts of African and Oceania that were brought back to Western countries (Britain, France, Germany) as a result of the imperial policies of the great powers.

African sculpture and masks showed Western artists (Gauguin, Matisse, Derain, Vlaminck, Kirschner, Pechstein, Picasso) that naturalism provided only one formula for translating life into art. African art offered powerful evidence of a conceptual approach to image construction. The simplified, stylized forms of African sculpture fascinated European anthropologists and artists who, seeing their own culture as increasingly complex and “civilized,” responded to simplicity. Ignorant of African culture, their enthusiasm for what they deemed “primitive” was a romantic interpretation of sculptural objects that artists found alluring because they were exotic, or radically different to Western art forms.

Definition of culture according to the experts

Culture can be defined vary depending on your point of view each expert. Some terms below will define the culture of some experts and specialists.
a. According to Lehman, Himstree and Baty, culture is defined as a set of life experiences that exist in their own communities. Experience life course are numerous and varied, including how the behavior and beliefs or the beliefs of society itself

b. According to Hofstede, culture is the collective programming of mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from other categories.

c. According Boove and Thill, culture is a system of symbols sharing the beliefs, attitudes, values​​, expectations and norms for behavior. In this case, all members of the culture have similar assumptions about how people think, behave and communicate as well as tend to do based on those assumptions.

d. According to Murphy and Hildebrant, culture is defined as a typical characteristic of the behavior within a group. Understanding also indicate that verbal and nonverbal communication in a group is also typical of the group and tend to be unique or different from the others.

e. According to Mitchell, the culture mrupakan set of core values​​, beliefs, standards, knowledge, morals, laws and attitudes conveyed somebody in acting, feeling and looked at himself and others.

Examples of cultural interaction 

When many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings, biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are varied and widespread.

Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism usually entails the notion that one’s own culture is superior to everyone else’s.

Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. An American, applying his or her own standards to a culture that does not value those things, may view that culture as “primitive” or “uncivilized.” Such labels are not just statements but judgments: they imply that it is better to be urbanized and industrialized than it is to carry on another kind of lifestyle.
     People in other cultures, such as some European cultures, also see American culture through the lens of their own ethnocentrism. To members of other cultures, Americans may seem materialistic, brash, or arrogant, with little intellectual subtlety or spirituality. Many Americans would disagree with that assessment.

Exported Ethnocentrism
When missionaries go to other countries to convert the local people to their brand of religion, they are practicing ethnocentrism. Missionaries usually want to convert people to their own forms of worship, and they sometimes encourage people to give up their religious beliefs.

Cultural Relativism

The opposite of ethnocentrism is cultural relativism—the examination of a cultural trait within the context of that culture. Cultural relativists try to understand unfamiliar values and norms without judging them and without applying the standards of their own culture.

Example: In India, the concepts of dating, love, and marriage differ from those in the United States. Though love is important, parents choose their children’s spouses according to similarities in educational levels, religions, castes, and family backgrounds. The families trust that love will develop over time but believe that a wedding can take place without it. From an American ethnocentric perspective, arranging marriages appears to be a custom that limits individual freedom. On the other hand, a cultural relativist would acknowledge that arranged marriages serve an important function in India and other cultures.

Culture Shock

The practices of other cultures can be and often are jarring, and even the most adept cultural relativist is not immune to culture shock. Culture shock is the surprise, disorientation, and fear people can experience when they encounter a new culture.

Example: Visitors to Western Europe from Islamic countries often experience culture shock when they see women wearing what they consider to be revealing clothing and unmarried couples kissing or holding hands in public, because these behaviors are forbidden or frowned upon in their own cultures.

Culture Shock at Home
Encountering an unfamiliar subculture in one’s own country, spending time with very rich or very poor people, or spending time with a group of people who hold radical or unfamiliar political views can produce culture shock just as much as encountering a brand-new culture in a foreign country.

Culture Lag

In 1922, the sociologist William Ogburn coined the term culture lag. Culture lag refers to the tendency for changes in material and nonmaterial culture to occur at different rates. Ogburn proposed that, in general, changes in nonmaterial culture tend to lag behind changes in material culture, including technological advances.

Technology progresses at a rapid rate, but our feelings and beliefs about it, part of our nonmaterial culture, lag behind our knowledge of how to enact technological change.

Example: Though the technology that allows people to meet online has existed for years, an understanding of what the proper conduct is in an online “dating” situation lags behind the knowledge of how to use the technology. No definite answers exist to many important questions: How long should people talk over the internet before meeting in person? What is the right interval of response time between emails? New technology has brought with it new questions and uncertainties.

Cultural Diffusion

Cultural diffusion is the process whereby an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another.

Example: In the United States in the early 1990s, only people who needed to be available in emergencies, such as doctors, carried cell phones. Today, every member of a family may have his or her own cell phone. In some developing nations, where standard telephone lines and other communications infrastructures are unreliable or nonexistent, cell phones have been welcomed enthusiastically, as they provide people with an effective communication tool.

Global Diffusion

Many aspects of American culture, such as McDonald’s hamburgers and Coca-Cola, have been diffused to other countries, and food items from other countries have become diffused throughout the United States. Sushi, for example, is now available in grocery stores in many parts of the country, and pizza can be found almost everywhere in the United States.

A variety of cultures

Culture or cultures derived from Sanskrit which buddhayah, which is the plural form of the buddhi (mind or intellect) is defined as the things pertaining to the mind and human reason. In English, the culture is called culture, which is derived from the Latin word Colere, the process or work. Can be interpreted also as cultivate the land or farming. The word culture is also sometimes translated as "cultured" in Indonesian.
"Culture is defined as the whole of human knowledge as social beings who used to understand and interpret the environment and his experience, as well as the basis for his behavior. Thus, culture is a set of rules, guidelines, plans, and strategies that comprise a set of cognitive models held by humans, and used selectively in the face of the environment as manifested in behavior and actions his actions. "(p. 2-18 para I)Culture can be defined as an overall knowledge of man as a social being he used to understand and interpret the environment and experiences, as well as a guideline for behavior. A culture is the common property of the members of a society or a social group, a distribution to its members and the inheritance to the next generation through the process of learning and using the symbols embodied in a tacit or otherwise (including a variety of equipment made by humans). Thus, every member of society has a knowledge of culture that could not equal to the other members, due to the experience and different learning environments and because they face are not always the same.
2.2. Lost Culture
Song Rasa Sayang-Sayange claimed by the Government of Malaysia.Rasa-Rasa Sayang Sayange or Sayange are folk songs from Maluku, Indonesia. This song is always sung folk songs by generations long ago to express their love for the environment and socialization among the people of Maluku.The song was used by the department of Tourism Malaysia to promote tourism in Malaysia, which was released around October 2007. Meanwhile, Tourism Minister Tengku Adnan Mansor Malaysia said that the song is a song Rasa Sayange archipelago (Malay archipelago) [1], Maluku Governor Karel Albert Ralahalu insisted the song "Rasa Sayange" belongs to Indonesia because it is a folk song that has been entrenched in the province of Maluku since ancestors, so the claim that Malaysia is one. [2].However, the evidence is eventually found. 'Taste Sayange1' first known record labels Lokananta Solo in 1962. [3] On 11 November 2007, the Minister of Culture, Arts and Heritage Malaysia, Rais Yatim, acknowledged that the flavor belongs Sayange Indonesia [4]. However, there are some sources who say that Malaysia mention that they recognize that the taste Sayange belong together, that is the common heritage of the Malay race, between Indonesia and Malaysia [5].On evidence of record "Taste Sayange", the song recorded by the evidence PT Lokananta, Solo, Indonesia on the 1962 Gramophone records [6]. Master recordings from the disc is still kept by PT Lokananta. This is known as the first recording of the song. LPs were distributed as souvenirs to the participants to the four Asian Games 1962 in Jakarta, and the song "Rasa Sayange" is one of the Indonesian folk song on the disc, along with other Indonesian ethnic songs like Sorak rejoice Rejoice, O Ina ni Keke, and Sengko Dainang.
Original Graphic Design Silver BaliSense drawing garafis genuine silver Bali design comes as a citizen bali menjaul his work to foreign consumers. But unbeknown konsumentersebut even patented design works such as from abroad, so that when the residents of Bali is about to export the results of his work turns out he had beurusan with because they have violated WTO Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Indeed, the design has been owned and is the ancestral heritage of Bali itself. But there are also events that patent struggles going on in their own country where both parties have patented their copyright. But one party considers that the other work is plagiarism from the work they have made.
Reog Ponorogo dance with Dance Barongan MalaysiaNarrated in the Origins of Reog Ponorogo have a battle between the King of Ponorogo with Singa Barong Lodoyo forest guards. Poet Anom king's name had awakened and enraged lion, for stealing 150 young tiger of the woods Lodoyo. Children tiger he planned to use as dowry marriage to a daughter of the king of Kadiri. The battle between the poet and the lion Anom Lodoyo forest guards later inevitable. The story then becomes a legend in Ponorogo and surrounding people of courage and fortitude of the people and embodied in Ponorogo Reog dance form.In the Reog dance the dancers not only display movements dazzling body but also includes a magical atmosphere. The dancers believed to be in possession even though the actual circumstances occurred dances Reog they precede the ritual of fasting and meditation. The scene when a dancer carry the masks in the form of a lion's head on it dihiasai with peacock feather is one strong example of the magical aroma.Barongan Malaysia did not like it and that's what differentiates a dance from Ponorogo Reog. Perhaps the theme of the dance is somewhat similar although it must be said between them are far perberbedaan. But if thought to be similar, it is only in its theme the theme of lion or tiger. Such themes can also be found in the dance sisingaan of Kuningan West Java and dances typical Chinese Lion Dance. And when viewed from philosophy, Barongan Malaysia tend nuanced keagaamaan (propagation of Islam) while Reog philosophy is courage and fortitude.
Tempe WN claimed by JapanNoted there are 19 patents on soybean, in which 13 pieces were owned by U.S. patents, namely: 8 patents owned by ZL Limited Partnership; 2 patents by Gyorgy on soybean oil, 2 patents by Pfaff on incubators tools and how to make food ingredients, and 1 patent by Yueh about making snacks with tempeh mixture. Meanwhile, Japan's 6 pieces is 4 patents regarding making tempeh, 1 patent on antioxidants, and one patent on the use of cosmetic ingredients isolated tempeh. Another patent for Japan, called Tempeh, Nishi findings and Inoue (Riken Vitamin Co.. Ltd) given on July 10, 1986. Tempe is made from soy milk waste blended soy flour, wheat flour, rice flour, corn starch, dextrin, Na-caseinate and egg white.Regional foods are replaced by food from abroadNow this is a lot of regional food replaceable especially in areas of tourism. There is really no loss that will be experienced by the country, but if dilaihat in another it will be detrimental for the future of the nation probably will not know what they have food areas. The main cause is Danya foreign investors who wish to promote tourism area economy by building a kind of fast-food restaurants or junk shop. Today's society, especially children - young people, think the food area are outdated so they try to follow trends. None of the other is also a result of globalization, let alone adequate infrastructure have even met.
Here are some lists of Indonesian cultural artifacts allegedly stolen, patented or claimed by foreign corporations, individual foreign nationals, or other countries:i. Batik from Java by Adidasii. Ancient manuscripts from Riau by the Government of Malaysiaiii. Ancient Scrolls from West Sumetera by the Government of Malaysiaiv. Ancient manuscripts from South Sulawesi by the Government of Malaysiav. Ancient manuscripts from Southeast Sulawesi by the Government of Malaysiavi. Rendang from West Sumetera by Person WN Malaysiavii. Sambal Pirates of Central Java by the Dutch WN Personviii. Sambal petai of Person County by WN Hollandix. Pineapple Sambal of Person County by WN Hollandof x. Soleram song from Riau by the Government of Malaysiaxi. Injit-injit Ants song Jambi by the Government of Malaysiaxii. Javanese Gamelan Musical by the Government of Malaysiaxiii. Kuda Lumping dance from East Java by the Government of Malaysiaxiv. Dishes dance from West Sumatra by the Government of Malaysiaxv. Old Sister song from Maluku by the Government of Malaysiaxvi. My Goat Kids Songs of Nusa Tenggara by the Government of Malaysiaxvii. My Goat Kids Songs of Nusa Tenggara by the Government of Malaysiaxviii. Garden Chairs With Carved ornaments typical Jepara, Central Java by Person WN Frenchxix. Typical frame With Ornaments Carving Jepara Central Java by WN English Personxx. Parang Motif Batik from Yogyakarta by the Government of Malaysiaxxi. Made Products Spices and Medicinal Plants Native Indonesia by Shiseido Co. Ltd.xxii. Badik Pepper Mashed by the Government of Malaysiaxxiii. Gayo coffee from Aceh by multinational corporations (MNC) Netherlandsxxiv. Coffee Toraja of South Sulawesi by the Japanese companyxxv. Music Indang Garinggiang River from West Sumatra to Malaysia

Differences between cultures and civilizations

Do civilizations and different cultures? If we look, the word civilization in the Indonesian language connotes a sense of manners, courtesy, politeness and subtlety. While popular culture in the sense that all results be interpreted as creativity, taste and human intention, at least as understood at school. In this context, culture encompasses all aspects of human life. Malay world civilization used the word to mean civilization, a word that has its roots in Arabic.According to the 'Effat al Sharqawi, pembedaaan between cultures and civilizations in the Arabic language can be traced from the meaning hadara, tsaqafah and Madaniah. Hadara rooted in the word meaning hadhara present, present in good condition. Here the indications contained space and kindness. Hadara means living settled in the city as opposed to badw which means village, hamlet, wanderer. Tsaqafah connotes aspects of the idea. Tsaqafah rooted in the sense of understanding in depth, and the clever and careful and quick to learn. While Madaniyah associated with aspects of city life, madina.In English the distinction between culture and civilization. Culture rooted in agriculture, which is then interpreted as a form of expression of a profound spirit of community, characterize what is desired by the people, which is reflected in the art, morals and religion. Civilization is rooted in the civitas (city), civility (modesty), which is then interpreted as a manifestation of mechanical progress (technological), characterize what is used by humans, which is reflected in the political, economic and technological. In the words of Will Durant, civilization is social order promoting cultural creation.Ibn Khaldun uses the term 'umran to describe human social organization. Definition according to Ibn Khaldun's umran, based on information Louy Shafi, influenced by the use of the root by the Quran. The Qur'an uses the root word amara refers to the emergence of the social life in certain areas as a result of a group of people menentapnya (letter Hud 61). The second meaning (letter Rum 30) refers to the construction of the facilities associated with the social life of advanced and superior. 'Umran is divided into' umran badawi (bedouin culture) and 'umran Hadhari (civic culture). Badawi life characterized by simplicity, freedom, equality, spontaneous courage, joy and cohesiveness ('ashabiah). Hadhari life characterized by complexity, restrictions (restriction), differentiation (inequality), restraint (inhibitation), clumsiness (clumsiness) and personal interest (self-interest). Social changes led to traits Hadhari life. But it is also an achievement hadara early fall ethical society, which later became the downfall of the socio-material.Bennabi defines civilization as a whole means of moral and material that makes the social guarantees (ad dhamamat al ijtima'iyah) required by members to progress. Or it also defines civilization as the objectification of the will and ability of people in the context of space and time. Regarding culture, tissue culture as he compared the blood that supplies blood to the body's organs. In his idea of ​​the cultural orientation of human civilization to the culture he characterizes the charge with a charge of ethical, aesthetic cargo, freight and cargo industries pragmatic logic (shina'ah - aspects of engineering, engineering).A polemic ever happened between Malik Bennabi by Sayyid Qutb. Sayyid Qutb had plans to publish a book that will discuss towards the civilized Islamic society. But then he changed into society towards Islam, by eliminating attributes civilized. Bennabi criticized because it eliminates the real substantive issues in Islamic societies. In Ma'alim fi Tariq, Johor, Sayyid Qutb refer to someone as a French Muslim critics have given him. Then he explains the substance is intended by it, Islam is a culmination of understanding the nature of Islam itself civilized human or equal to civilization. Polemic is easy for us to understand to understand the difference between civilization and culture (or hadara and tsaqafah). Qutb was referred to by Muslims as the value. While referred to by Bennabi is a manifestation of Islam in history and society.On the other hand Sa'id Hawwa in his book So We Do not run over the three-day use terminology hadara, tsaqafah and Madaniyah to refer to different meanings. Hadara is the widest word to refer to the socio-historical aspects of human groups. Spiritual side, values, arts, science represented by tsaqafah. While aspects of the material represented by Madaniyah said.From the reviews above differences (also on an overview of theories of civilization in a previous post) at least there are some things that we can characterize the difference of civilization and culture.

   1. Civilization (hadara, civilization) is rooted in the idea of ​​the city. Progress materials (science and technology), aspects of subtlety, the social arrangement and other aspects of progress.
   2. Culture (culture, tsaqafah) is rooted in the idea of ​​values, goals, beliefs that are transmitted through science, art and religion of a society.
   3. Culture and civilization are aspects of human social life. A description of the contrasts between cultures and civilizations described by Alija Izebegovic interesting in Building Middle Way. Because civilization and culture are two aspects of human life, there is interrelation between the two. As the interrelation between the spiritual, mental and material in humans.
   4. The main idea is contained in the progress of civilization, progress (progress and development). But a society's values, thoughts a regular basis, the cultural identities. The values ​​are not lost when a civilization back or destroyed. What happens is that these values ​​become socially ineffective.
   5. A civilization is a cycle in space and time. He experienced ups and downs. Being separated from the cultural contradictions of space and time. It has its own size (size of the right one, just not useful or not) in dunai thought.
   6. Build a civilization can not simply accumulate piles of other civilizations product. A civilization is measured from the achievement.
   7. To build the civilization of the need for social networks (in terms Bennabi) or social innovation (in terms of Drucker) which created institutions (institutions) which enables him to receive social and develop the products of other civilizations in the context of their own culture.

Definisi & Sejarah Jurnalistik

Definisi Jurnalistik 

Secara harfiah (etimologis, asal usul kata), jurnalistik (journalistic) artinya kewartawanan atau hal-ihwal pemberitaan. Kata dasarnya “jurnal” (journal), artinya laporan atau catatan, atau “jour” dalam bahasa Prancis yang berarti “hari” (day) atau “catatan harian” (diary). Dalam bahasa Belanda journalistiek artinya penyiaran catatan harian.

1. Jurnalistik : yang menyangkut kewartawanan dan persuratkabaran. (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia).

2. Jurnalistik: “kegiatan untuk menyiapkan, mengedit, dan menulis surat kabar, majalah, atau berkala lainnya”. (Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia).

3. Jurnalistik adalah bidang profesi yang mengusahakan penyajian informasi tentang kejadian dan atau kehidupan sehari-hari (pada hakikatnya dalam bentuk penerangan, penafsiran dan pengkajian) secara berkala, dengan menggunakan sarana-sarana penerbitan yang ada. (Ensiklopedi Indonesia).

4. Jurnalistik adalah pekerjaan mengumpulkan, menulis, menyunting dan menyebarkan berita dan karangan utuk surat kabar, majalah, dan media massa lainnya seperti radio dan televisi. (Leksikon Komunikasi).

5. Journalism: the profession of gathering, writing, editing, publishing news, as for the newspaper and other print and broadcast media. Journal: a daily & diary record, hence sometimes used as a synonym for a newspaper, a printed record of proceeding. (Webster’s New World: Dictionary of Media and Communication).

6. Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. These include newspapers, magazines, radio and television, the internet and even, more recently, the cellphone. (Wikipedia).

7. Journalist is the occupation if editing and writing newspaper and magazines. (Webster Tower Dictionary)

8. Jurnalistik adalah proses kegiatan mengolah, menulis, dan menyebarluaskan berita dan atau opini melalui media massa. (Asep Syamsul M. Romli. 2003. Jurnalistik Dakwah. Bandung: Rosda).

9. Journalism ambraces all the forms in which and trough which the news and moment on the news reach the public. (F. Fraser Bond).

10. Jurnalistik adalah kegiatan mengumpulkan, mengolah, dan menyebarkan berita kepada khalayak seluas-luasnya. (M. Djen Amar).

11. Jurnalistik adalah suatu kepandaian praktis mengumpulkan, mengedit berita untuki pemberitaan dalam surat kabar, majalah, atau terbitan terbitan berkala lainnya. Selain bersifat ketrampilan praktis, jurnalistik merupakan seni. (M. Ridwan).

12. Jurnalistik adalah teknik mengelola berita sejak dari mendapatkan bahan sampai kepada menyebarluaskannya kepada khalayak. Pada mulanya jurnalistik hanya mengelola hal-hal yang sifatnya informatif saja. (Onong U. Effendi).

13. Jurnalistik adalah semacam kepandaian karang-mengarang yang pokoknya memberi perkabaran pada masyarakat dengan selekas-lekasnya agar tersiar seluas-luasnya. (Adinegoro).

14. Jurnalistik adalah segala sesuatu yang menyangkut kewartawanan (Summanang).

15. Jurnalistik adalah pengumpulan, penulisan, penafsiran, pemrosesan, dan penyebaran informasi umum, pendapat pemerhati, hiburan umum secara sistematis dan dapat dipercaya untuk diterbitkan pada surat kabar, majalah, dan disiarkan di stasiun siaran. (Roland E. Wolseley).

16. Jurnalistik adalah kegiatan pencatatan dan atau pelaporan serta penyebaran tentang kejadian sehari-hari. (Astrid S. Susanto).

17. Jurnalistik adalah pengiriman informasi dari sini ke sana dengan benar, seksama, dan cepat, dalam rangka membela kebenaran dan keadilan. (Erik Hodgins).

18. Jurnalistik merupakan suatu kegiatan komunikasi yang dilakukan dengan cara menyiarkan berita ataupun ulasannya mengenai berbagai peritiwaatau kejadian sehari-hari yang aktualdan factual dalam waktu yang secepat-cepatnya. (A.W. Widjaya).

19. Definisi tentang jurnalistik cukup banyak. Namun dari definisi-definisi tersebut memiliki kesamaan secara umum. Semua definisi juranlistik memasukan unsur media massa, penulisan berita, dan waktu yang tertentu (aktualitas). (A. Muis).

20. Dalam jurnalistik selalu harus ada unsur kesegaran waktu (timeliness atau aktualitas). Seorang jurnalis memiliki dua fungsi utama. Pertama, fungsi jurnalis adalah melaporkan berita. Kedua, membuat interpretasi dan memberikan pendapat yang didasarkan pada beritanya. (Edwin Emery).

21. Journalism covers all mankind’s activities, and challenging to the intellect. Journalism encompasses fields ranging from reporting with words and photographs to editing, and from newspaper to television. Journalists are the eyes, ears and curiosity of the public and must be so broad in their outlook that they can translate events in many fields. (Spencer Crump).

22. Jurnalisme adalah kegiatan menghimpun berita, mencari fakta & melaporkan peristiwa (Mac Dougall)

23. Jurnalistik atau jurnalisme berasar dari kata Journal: catatan harian. Catatan mengenai kejadian sehari-hari atau bisa juga berarti surat kabar. Journal berasal dari kata latin diurnalis, artinya harian atau tiap hari. Dari perkataan itulah lahir kata jurnalis, yaitu orang yang melakukan pekerjaan Jurnalistik. (Hikmat & Purna,a Kusumaningrat).

24. Jurnalistik adalah kepandaian yang praktis, objek di samping objek-objek ilmu publisistik, yang mempelajari seluk beluk penyiaran berita dalam keseluruhannya dengan meninjau segala saluran, bukan saja pers tapi juga radio, TV, film, teater, rapat-rapat umum dan segala lapangan. (Adinegoro)

25. Jurnalistik merupakan penulisan tentang hal-hal yang penting dan tidak kita ketahui. (Leslie Stephen)

26. Jurnalistik adalah pengiriman informasi dari tempat yang satu ke tempat yang lain dengan benar, seksama dan cepat, dalam rangka membela kebenaran dan keadilan berpikir, yang selalu dapat dibuktikan. (Erik Hodgins)

27. Jurnalistik adalah seni dan keterampilan mencari, mengumpulkan, mengolah, menyusuri dan menyajikan berita tentang peristiwa yang terjadi sehari-hari secara indah, dalam rangka memenuhi segala kebutuhan hati nurani khalayaknya. (Kustadi Suhandang)

28. Jurnalistik atau jurnalisme merupakan pekerjaan kewartawanan untuk mengumpulkan, menulis, mengedit dan menerbitkan berita di dalam surat kabar. (Martin Moenthadi).

29. Pengertian jurnalistik menurut ilmu publisistik adalah hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan menyiarkan berita atau ulasan berita tentang peristiwa sehari-hari yang umum dan actual dengan secepat-cepatnya. (Amilia Indriyati).

Referensi:

1. Assegaff. 1982. Jurnalistik Masa Kini: Pengantar Ke Praktek Kewartawanan. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

2. Muis, A. 1999. Jurnalistik Hukum Komunikasi Massa. Jakarta: PT. Dharu Annutama.

3. Romli, Asep Syamsul M. 2005. Jurnalistik Terapan: Pedoman Kewartawanan dan Kepenulisan. Bandung: Batic Press.

4. Santana K., Septiawan. 2005. Jurnalisme Kontemporer. Jakarta: Obor.

5. Suhandang, Kustadi. 2004. Pengantar Jurnalistik: Seputar Organisasi, Produk, dan Kode Etik. Bandung: Penerbit Nuansa.

6. Sumadiria, AS Haris. 2005. Jurnalistik Indonesia: Menulis Berita dan Feature Panduan Praktis Jurnalis Profesional. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.*

Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/communication-media-studies/2023396-definisi-jurnalistik-ragam-pengertian-jurnalistik/#ixzz28Fb6nuFY

Sejarah Jurnalistik

Sejarah Jurnalistik

I.            Pendahuluan

Pada dasarnya kegiatan jurnalistik sudah sangat akrab di masyarakat, karena tidak hanya kegiatan yang melibatkan publikasi seperti televisi, surat kabar, ataupun internet saja yang digolongkan ke dalam jurnalistik, namun seringkali tanpa sadar pun kita sering menyiarkan berita ataupun kejadian menarik kepada orang – orang di sekitar kita yang ternyata juga merupakan kegiatan jurnalistik.

Jurnalisme dapat dikatakan "coretan pertama dalam sejarah". Meskipun berita seringkali ditulis dalam batas waktu terakhir, tetapi biasanya disunting sebelum diterbitkan.

Jurnalis seringkali berinteraksi dengan sumber yang kadangkala melibatkan konfidensialitas. Banyak pemerintahan Barat menjamin kebebasan dalam pers.

Aktivitas utama dalam jurnalisme adalah pelaporan kejadian dengan menyatakan siapa, apa, kapan, di mana, mengapa dan bagaimana (dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dengan 5W+1H) dan juga menjelaskan kepentingan dan akibat dari kejadian atau trend. Jurnalisme meliputi beberapa media: koran, televisi, radio, majalah dan internet sebagai pendatang baru

Seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, dunia jurnalistik pun berkembang sangat pesat dengan melewati tahapan-tahapan kronologis sehingga menjadi jurnalistik yang kita kenal sekarang. Di dalam tulisan sederhana ini akan dijelaskan secara singkat tentang sejarah jurnalistik dan beberapa hal yang bekaitan dengannya.

II.         Istilah jurnalistik

Istilah atau pengertian jurnalistik sangat banyak dan beragam. Secara etimologis, istilah jurnalistik pertama kali muncul dari kata ‘Acta Diurna’, berasal dari 2 kata dalam  bahasa Romawi. Kata diurna sendiri berarti harian atau setiap hari, dan acta yang berarti catatan. Kata Acta Diurna merujuk kepada papan pengumuman (sejenis majalah dinding atau papan informasi sekarang), yang pada waktu itu banyak digunakan sebagai semacam notulen rapat para anggota senat di jaman Romawi yang diumumkan kepada khalayak.

Dari kata “Acta Diurna” inilah secara harfiah kata jurnalistik berasal yakni kata “Diurnal” dalam Bahasa Latin berarti “harian” atau “setiap hari.” Diadopsi ke dalam bahasa Prancis menjadi “Du Jour” dan bahasa Inggris “Journal” yang berarti “hari”, “catatan harian”, atau “laporan”. Dari kata “Diurnarii” muncul kata “Diurnalis” dan “Journalist” (wartawan).

Dengan demikian, secara etimologis, jurnalistik dapat diartikan sebagai suatu karya seni dalam hal membuat catatan tentang peristiwa sehari-hari. Karya seni dimaksud memiliki nilai keindahan yang dapat menarik perhatian khalayaknya (pembaca, pendengar, pemirsa), sehingga dapat dinikmati dan dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan hidupnya.

Secara harfiah, jurnalistik artinya kewartawanan atau hal-ikhwal pemberitaan. Menurut kamus, jurnalistik diartikan sebagai kegiatan untuk menyiapkan, mengedit, dan menulis di surat kabar, majalah, dan media massa lainnya. Sedangkan Ensiklopedi Indonesia secara rinci menerangkan bahwa jurnalistik adalah bidang profesi yang mengusahakan penyajian informasi tengang kejadian dan atau kehidupan sehari-hari secara berkala, dengan menggunakan sarana-sarana penerbitan yang ada.

III.      Sejarah Jurnalistik

A.    Julius Caesar dan Acta Diurna

Sejarah Jurnalistik dimulai jaman Romawi Kuno, pada masa pemerintahan Julius Caesar (100-44 SM).  Pada saat itu, terdapat acta diurna yang memuat semua hasil sidang, peraturan baru, keputusan-keputusan senat dan berbagai informasi penting yang ditempel di sebuah pusat kota. “Acta Diurna”, yakni papan pengumuman (sejenis majalah dinding atau papan informasi sekarang), diyakini sebagai produk jurnalistik pertama; pers, media massa, atau surat kabar harian pertama di dunia. Julius Caesar pun disebut sebagai “Bapak Pers Dunia”.

Namun sebenarnya, Caesar hanya meneruskan dan mengembangkan tradisi yang muncul pada permulaan berdirinya kerajaan Romawi. Saat itu, atas peritah Raja Imam Agung, segala kejadian penting dicatat pada “Annals”, yakni papan tulis yang digantungkan di serambi rumah. Catatan pada papan tulis itu merupakan pemberitahuan bagi setiap orang yang lewat dan memerlukannya.

Saat berkuasa, Julius Caesar memerintahkan agar hasil sidang dan kegiatan para anggota senat setiap hari diumumkan pada “Acta Diurna”. Demikian pula berita tentang kejadian sehari-hari, peraturan-peraturan penting, serta apa yang perlu disampaikan dan diketahui rakyatnya. Papan pengumuman itu ditempelkan atau dipasang di pusat kota yang disebut “Forum Romanum” (Stadion Romawi) untuk diketahui oleh umum.

Berbeda dengan media berta saat ini yang 'mendatangi' pembacanya, pada waktu itu pembaca yang datang kepada media berita tersebut. Sebagian khalayak yang merupakan tuan tanah/hartawan yang ingin mengetahui informasi menyuruh budak-budaknya yang bisa membaca dan menulis untuk mencatat segala sesuatu yang terdapat pada Acta Diurna. Dengan perantaraan para pencatat yang disebut Diurnarii para tuan tanah dan hartawan tadi mendapatkan berita-berita tentang Senat.

Perkembangan selanjutnya pada Diurnarii tidak terbatas kepada para budak saja, tetapi juga orang bebas yang ingin menjual catatan harian kepada siapa saja yang memerlukannya. Beritanya pun bukan saja kegiatan senat, tetapi juga hal-hal yang menyangkut kepentingan umum dan menarik khalayak. Akibatnya terjadilah persaingan di antara Diurnarii untuk mencari berita dengan menelusuri kota Roma, bahkan sampai keluar kota itu.

Persaingan itu kemudian menimbulkan korban pertama dalam sejarah jurnalistik. Seorang Diurnarii bernama Julius Rusticus dihukum gantung atas tuduhan menyiarkan berita yang belum boleh disiarkan (masih rahasia). Pada kasus itu terlihat bahwa kegiatan jurnalistik di zaman Romawi Kuno hanya mengelola hal-hal yang sifatnya informasi saja.

Tetapi kegiatan jurnalistik tidak terus berkembang sejak zaman Romawi itu, karena setelah Kerajaan Romawi runtuh, kegiatan jurnalistik sempat mengalami kevakuman, terutama ketka Eropa masih dalam masa kegelapan (dark ages). Pada masa itu jurnalistik menghilang.

B.     Jurnalistik Nabi Nuh dan Kaumnya

Dalam sejarah Islam, seperti dikutip Kustadi Suhandang (2004), cikal bakal jurnalistik yang pertama kali di dunia adalah pada zaman Nabi Nuh. Saat banjir besar melanda kaumnya, Nabi Nuh berada di dalam kapal beserta sanak keluarga, para pengikut yang saleh, dan segala macam hewan.

Untuk mengetahui apakah air bah sudah surut, Nabi Nuh mengutus seekor burung dara ke luar kapal untuk memantau keadaan air dan kemungkinan adanya makanan. Sang burung dara hanya melihat daun dan ranting pohon zaitun yang tampak muncul ke permukaan air. Ranting itu pun dipatuk dan dibawanya pulang ke kapal. Nabi Nuh pun berkesimpulan air bah sudah mulai surut. Kabar itu pun disampaikan kepada seluruh penumpang kapal.

Atas dasar fakta tersebut, Nabi Nuh dianggap sebagai pencari berita dan penyiar kabar (wartawan) pertama kali di dunia. Kapal Nabi Nuh pun disebut sebagai kantor berita pertama di dunia.

              Source: http://www.romeltea.com/2009/09/10/sejarah-jurnalistik-asal-usul/

              Source: http://www.herdianto.web.id/2008/06/sejarah-jurnalistik.html

IV.       Sejarah Jurnalistik Dunia

Surat kabar pertama kali terbit di Cina tahun 911, yaitu Kin Pau. Surat Kabar ini milik pemerintah ketika zaman Kaisar Quang Soo. Tidak berbeda dengan di Jaman Caesar, Kin Pau berisi keputusan rapat, hasil musyawarah dan berbagai informasi dari Istana. 

Di Eropa tidak jelas siapa pelopor pertamanya. Namun, padi 1605, Abraham Verhoehn di Antwerpen Belgia mendapat izin mencetak Nieuwe Tihdininghen. Akhirnya, pada 1617, selebaran ini dapat  terbit 8 hingga 9 hari sekali.

Beranjak ke Jerman, di tahun 1609, terbitlah surat kabar pertama bernama Avisa Relation Order Zeitung. Pada 1618, muncul surat kabar tertua di Belanda bernama Coyrante uytItalien en Duytschland. Surat kabar ini diterbitkan oleh Caspar VanHilten di Amsterdam. Kemudian surat kabar mulai bermunculan di Perancis tahun 1631, di Itali tahun 1636 dan Curant of General newsterbit, surat kabar pertama di Inggris yang terbit tahun 1662. 

Freedom of Speech

V.          Sejarah Jurnalistik Indonesia

A.   Sejarah  Jurnalistik di Indonesia

Sejarah Jurnalistik Indonesia tidak lepas dari sejarah jurnalistik di dunia. Perkembangan jurnalistik di Indonesia juga tidak luput dari pengaruh jurnalistik di negara lainnya.

Perkembangan jurnalistik di Indonesia selalu berkaitan erat dengan pemerintahan dan gejolak politik yang terjadi. Jurnalistik di Indonesia mulai masuk pada masa pergerakan. Berdasarkan sejarah, jurnalistik Indonesia dibagi menjadi 3 golongan.

1. Pers Kolonial

Pers Kolonial merupakan pers yang dibangun oleh orang-orang Belanda di Indonesia. Pada Abad ke-18, muncul surat kabar berama Bataviasche Nouvellesd. Sejak saat itu bermunculan surat kabar dengan bahasa Belanda yang isinya bertujuan untuk membela kaum kolonialis.

2. Pers Cina 

Muncullah surat kabar yang dibuat oleh orang-orang Cina. Media ini dibuat sebagai media pemersatu keturunan Tionghoa di Indonesia. 

3. Pers Nasional 

Pers Nasional muncul pada abad ke-20 di Bandung dengan nama Medan Priayi. Media yang dibuat oleh Tirto Hadisuryo atau Raden Djikomono, diperuntukan sebagai alat perjuangan pergerakan kemerdekaan. Tirto Hadisuryo akhirnya dianggap sebagai pelopor peletak dasar-dasar jurnalistik modern di Indonesia.

B.   Perkembangan Jurnalistik di Indonesia

Di Indonesia, perkembangan kegiatan jurnalistik diawali oleh Belanda. Beberapa pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia pun menggunakan jurnalisme sebagai alat perjuangan. Di era-era inilah Bintang Timoer, Bintang Barat, Java Bode, Medan Prijaji, dan Java Bode terbit.

Pada masa pendudukan Jepang mengambil alih kekuasaan, koran-koran ini dilarang. Akan tetapi pada akhirnya ada lima media yang mendapat izin terbit: Asia Raja, Tjahaja, Sinar Baru, Sinar Matahari, dan Suara Asia.

Kemerdekaan Indonesia membawa berkah bagi jurnalisme. Pemerintah Indonesia menggunakan Radio Republik Indonesia sebagai media komunikasi. Menjelang penyelenggaraan Asian Games IV, pemerintah memasukkan proyek televisi. Sejak tahun 1962 inilah Televisi Republik Indonesia muncul dengan teknologi layar hitam putih.

Masa kekuasaan presiden Soeharto, banyak terjadi pembreidelan (penghentian masa siar) media massa. Kasus Harian Indonesia Raya dan Majalah Tempo merupakan dua contoh kentara dalam sensor kekuasaan ini. Kontrol ini dipegang melalui Departemen Penerangan dan Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI). Hal inilah yang kemudian memunculkan Aliansi Jurnalis Independen yang mendeklarasikan diri di Wisma Tempo Sirna Galih, Jawa Barat. Beberapa aktivisnya dimasukkan ke penjara.

Titik kebebasan pers mulai terasa lagi saat BJ Habibie menggantikan Soeharto. Banyak media massa yang muncul kemudian dan PWI tidak lagi menjadi satu-satunya organisasi profesi.

Kegiatan jurnalisme diatur dengan Undang-Undang Pers Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 yang dikeluarkan Dewan Pers dan Undang-Undang Penyiaran Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 yang dikeluarkan oleh Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia atau KPI.

        Source: http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-jurnalistik-indonesia.htm

VI.       Penutupan

Pada zaman dahulu, kegiatan jurnalistik tentu saja masih sangat sederhana dan medianya belum berupa koran, tabloid, majalah, radio, televisi, apalagi internet.

Seiring perubahan dan perkembangan zaman, kegiatan jurnalistik pun mengalami proses yang sangat dinamis. Dengan munculnya media internet, kegiatan dan cabang jurnalistik pun turut berubah.

Media massa cetak yang mapan pun harus menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan dan perkembangan tersubut, yang ditandai dengan munculnya versi online mereka. Misalnya harian Kompas (Jakarta), harian Media Indonesia (Jakarta), harian Jawa Pos (Surabaya), harian Kedaulatan Rakyat (Yogyakarta), harian Pikiran Rakyat (Bandung), harian Suara Merdeka (Semarang), tabloid olahraga Bola (Jakarta), dan harian Fajar (Makassar). Mereka kini juga muncul dengan versi online yang berita-beritanya dapat diakses secara gratis lewat internet.

Media cetak yang tidak punya versi online akhirnya tertinggal dan lama-kelamaan bisa mati digilas oleh perubahan itu. Sebutlah misalnya harian Pedoman Rakyat di Makassar yang terbit sejak 1 Maret 1947, akhirnya mati dan tidak terbit lagi sejak 3 Oktober 2007.

Entah bagaimana kegiatan jurnalistik dan bentuk media massa ke depan. Yang pasti, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi memaksa manusia melakukan atau mengikuti perubahan. Jika kita tidak berubah, sudah tentu, kita pasti akan terkikis oleh perubahan itu. 

sumber :  http://rachmadisaleh.blogspot.com/2011/03/makalah-paper-sejarah-jurnalistik.html

Divorce and Teenagers

         Divorce is painful. It is painful for parents, for kids, and for close friends and family.  We all respond to pain differently depending on who we are and our stage of life. Teenagers are not immune from the effects of divorce.
Every teenager and every family is unique.  So too the reasons and dynamics of every divorce is different. Therefore it is very hard to predict or prescribe how particular teens will respond to their parents divorcing.
However there are significantly increased risk factors for teens whose parents get divorced. When compared with teenagers who do not come from divorced families, research has found teens from divorced families:

• are more aggressive
• are more anxious
• have higher school drop out rates
• are more sexually active at an earlier age
• have higher rates of delinquency
• have higher rates of drug and alcohol addiction

These findings do not say that all teens from divorced families will have these issues. Such research merely suggests that teens who come from divorced families are at increased risk. The increased risk factors highlight the nature of possible problems teens face when their parents divorce.

This post will address some of the more significant effects divorce has on teenagers.

-aulia rahman


What Hurts and What Helps?


Jacqueline J. Kirby, Ph.D., CFLE, former Assistant Professor and Extension State Parenting Specialist,
Katherine Dean, Graduate Student, Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University
Many studies have reported that children of divorced parents experience more problems in adjustment than children who grow up in intact families. Much of the research suggests that children of divorce are more likely to have more difficulties in school and to be more sexually active, more aggressive, more anxious, more withdrawn, less prosocial, more depressed, and more likely to abuse substances and participate in delinquent acts than their peers from intact families.
Wallerstein and her colleagues (2000) found that the normal adolescent developmental move toward individuation is threatened by divorce. Instead of being able to move toward independence and separation from parents, adolescents perceive parents as having separated from them. The adults are often consumed with their own problems during this turbulent time and adolescents may be neglected. Many adolescents feel their time for growing up is shortened by the divorce.
Other related concerns of adolescents include lack of effective discipline, lack of parental support in decision making, concerns about parents as sexual beings, and worries about sex and marriage. Adolescents also experience a profound sense of loss and anger, conflicts in loyalty toward one or both parents, withdrawal from the home in preference for friends, and for some, a failure to cope, characterized by regressive behaviors and early sexual activity.
Despite many adjustment difficulties, adolescents also show some positive changes such as an impressive development of maturity and moral growth, a more realistic understanding of finances, and a chance to experience new family roles and responsibilities.

What hurts?

Some researchers have suggested that the economic hardship custodial parents face following divorce is the critical factor in predicting children's post-divorce adjustment. Dramatic losses in income contribute to additional life stresses such as moving to a smaller residence in neighborhoods with increased crime, lower quality schools, and loss of familiar and developed community supports. Lower income also forces many custodial parents to work additional hours to cover the basic necessities and bills. Financial strain is one of the strongest predictors of depression in single parents. Higher levels of depression are predictive of more punitive disciplinary practices and decreased parental nurturance, support, and satisfaction with the parenting role.
Gender may also affect vulnerability and difficulties. Boys exhibit higher levels of poor adjustment post-divorce than do girls (who often show no greater adjustment problems than girls from intact families). However, problems related to sex differences tend to be reported only when children live with unremarried mothers. When children live with their custodial father or a remarried family, girls exhibit poorer adjustment, whereas boys fare better than those in mother-custody homes. Gender differences in adjustment are likely to depend on multiple factors such as sex of custodial parent, parenting style, marital status, parent-child relationships, and amount of contact with non-custodial parent.
Most children's adjustment problems occur within the first two years following their parent's divorce or remarriage. Still, some children, who appear to be adjusting well early-on, will experience a reemergence of problems during adolescence. Research indicates that while behavior problems are common at the time of divorce, they typically diminish as time passes. Most children will eventually adapt successfully to this life transition and have no long-term ill effects.

What Helps?

 

Maccoby and Mnookin (1992) found that adolescent adjustment (absence of depression, low levels of deviant behaviors, and academic achievement) is influenced by many factors within the adolescents' primary residence. These factors include a feeling of closeness to the residential parent, effective parental monitoring, joint decision-making between the adolescent and parent regarding household rules and youth activities, and low parent-child conflict. Activities that reflect effective parenting include providing warmth and support, assisting with problems, providing encouragement, setting and explaining standards, monitoring, and enforcing discipline.
Also, cooperative, mutually supportive, low conflict co-parenting relationships are advantageous for both children and adults. Other family process variables such as the maintenance of parent involvement, successful manipulation of the logistics of co-parenting (e.g., maintaining schedules, visitation, communication, decision-making), and the coordination of parenting roles and values are important mechanisms for reducing the stress of both parents and children.
Recommendations

• Use effective parenting by providing encouragement and emotional support, establishing and explaining standards for conduct, and administering consistent discipline.
• Maintain a feeling of closeness with your teen, use effective parental monitoring, allow them to make decisions with you regarding their activities—aim for low parent-child conflict, and strive for organization and predictable routines in your household.
• Reduce inter-parental conflict. If possible, cooperatively parent with your child's other parent. Speak positively about your child's other parent in front of the child and do not place the child in the middle. For example, having your child spy on the other parent or using visitation rights as a bargaining tool undermines the confidence your child has with the other parent and strains his or her emotional well-being.
• Continue to be a parent to your child rather than turning into a friend.
• Be aware of your adjustment or becoming depressed. Seek help from professionals if you need it.
• Refrain from burdening your adolescent with your problems or using your teen as a confidant. Allow your adolescent to remain a teenager.
• Attempt to keep the changes that you can control in your adolescent's life to a minimum.
• The father needs to participate in important activities like forming morals, helping to solve problems, enforcing consistent discipline, and reinforcing appropriate behavior.

http://ohioline.osu.edu/flm02/FS11.html

Teenage Behaviour Changes

Just as there are common impacts of divorce, there are also common behavioural traits that can emerge. Behaviours common for teenagers whose parents are going through a divorce include:

Being angry and highly critical of their parents’ decision. This anger may be expressed verbally and can be directed at one or both parents.

Withdrawal from one parent as a form of punishment. This might coincide with taking the side of the other parent.

Depressed or withdrawn from one or both parents. Increased time spent away from the family home or locked away in their own room.

Increased desire to spend more time with peers.  Tendency to become argumentative or aggressive if prevented from doing so.

Better behaved. Hoping that this will save their parents’ marriage or atone for what they believe was their fault.

Decreased academic performance including more disruptive behaviour at school, loss of interest in school work, or truancy.

Increased risk taking behaviour such as binge drinking, illicit drug use, sexual promiscuity.

Research suggests that most adjustment problems occur within the first two years following their parent’s divorce or remarriage. Behavior problems are most common during the divorce process, but they will tend to diminish as time passes. Most young people will adapt successfully to this life transition and have no negative long-term effects.

http://understandingteenagers.com.au/blog/2010/08/the-impacts-of-divorce-on-teenagers/